Post-Batching CMA Dosing Into Concrete

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are dosing methods for mitigating the deleterious effect of clays, which are born or conveyed by sand aggregates, crushed rock, gravel, and other aggregates used in the manufacture of concrete, upon the dosage efficiency of cement dispersants added into concrete. Instead of introducing the entire cement mitigation agent (CMA) into the aggregate material before or during batching in the mix plant in a singular, upfront dose, the present invention comprises administering a clay mitigation agent (CMA) on at least two instances in a mixer, wherein at least 21%-100% of the total CMA added into the concrete is added after initial batching of water, cement binder, and clay-bearing aggregates to form the concrete slurry in the mixer during the transit portion of the delivery between initial batching at the mix plant and the pour event at the job site.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the treatment of clay-bearing aggregates usedin concrete, and, more particularly, to an automated concrete deliverymonitoring process and system for controlled post-batching addition ofan agent for mitigating the deleterious effect of clay ondosage-efficiency of chemical admixtures and/or water which areadministered into the concrete load.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,352,952 and 6,670,415 (owned by W. R. Grace &Co.-Conn.), Jardine et al. disclosed that dosage efficiency ofdispersants used in concrete can be diminished by the presence of clay.It was discovered that oxyalkylene polymers, used for dispersing cementparticles within concrete, tended to be absorbed by clay particles thatwere born or conveyed by the sand and/or other aggregates used in makingthe concrete.

Jardine et al. proposed to mitigate this clay problem by deployingcertain compounds, which, in the manner of sacrificial agents, becameabsorbed by the clay particles which would have otherwise absorbed theoxyalkylene cement dispersant molecules and rendered them unavailable tofunction as cement particle dispersant within the concrete mix.

The present inventors refer herein to clay activity-modifying agents,otherwise called clay mitigation agents, using the acronym “CMA(s).”

Jardine et al. taught that the order of addition of a CMA depended onthe chemical nature of the CMA. Thus, if the CMA contained cation orpolar organic molecules, the CMA was preferably added to the clay beforewater was introduced to the clay (See U.S. Pat. No. 6,670,415, Abstract,lines 14-16).

For CMAs having very high affinity for clay, such as quaternary amines(e.g., poly-quaternary amines), Jardine et al. described that such CMAswere to be added to the clay-bearing aggregate before, during, or afterwater was introduced (See U.S. Pat. No. 6,670,415 at Abstract, lines16-20), and/or they could be added simultaneously with or before thecement dispersant was added (See U.S. Pat. No. 6,670,415 at col. 6,lines 48-58).

In U.S. Pat. No. 8,257,490 B2 (owned by Lafarge S.A.), Jacquet et al.taught the use of inerting agents which were preferably to be added toclay-bearing sand at the quarry or at the ready-mix plant, preferably tothe sand first to prevent excessive use of a superplasticizer.

The concept of treating aggregates at quarries using CMAs was furtheremphasized in Ser. No. 14/395,603 (US Publ. No. 2015/0065614) and Ser.No. 14/378,158 (US Publ. No. 2015/0065614), co-owned by W. R. Grace &Co.-Conn.

Until the present invention, it was generally believed that the mosteffective mode for adding CMAs was directly onto clay-bearing aggregateseither at the quarry or at the ready-mix plant before mixing theaggregate with water and/or cement dispersant. This separate and prioraddition would avoid any competition between CMAs, on the one hand, andwater and/or the cement dispersant on the other hand.

Even if the cement dispersant had far lower clay affinity compared tothe CMAs, this separate and prior addition of CMAs was preferred becausethe over-riding objective was to maximize the rheological performanceand strength of the concrete.

Also fundamental to the conventional thinking was the assumption thatadsorption by the clay of CMAs is irreversible. It made sense, then, forpurposes of expediting the concrete delivery process, to introduce theCMA first to the clay-bearing aggregate or concrete before introducingthe cement dispersant into the concrete mix.

However, the present invention changes this conventional thinking infundamentally unexpected ways.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In surmounting the disadvantages of prior art approaches, the presentinvention provides an automated concrete delivery monitoring process andsystem for achieving post-batching dosing, during transit from the mixplant where the concrete is initially batched, to the construction site,of a concrete mix having clay born by aggregates, of at least one claymitigation agent (CMA), whereby a desired workability and adosage-efficiency of chemical admixture(s) (and/or water) during transitare achieved.

The present inventors were surprised to discover that thedosage-efficiency of controlled additions of water, cement dispersant,air entraining admixture, air detraining admixture, or other chemicalsinto the concrete mix during transit can be diminished or otherwisedeleteriously affected by the presence of clay in the concrete mix, evenif the clay is initially treated with CMA before the ready-mix truckleaves the mix plant to embark on the transport phase of the delivery tothe job site.

The present inventors were further surprised to discover thatpost-batching addition of CMA (during transport) can be comparably moreefficient in terms of the total volume dosed compared to administeringthe CMA in a one-time, upfront dose at the batch mix plant before thetransit phase. Efficiency is measured with a view to the total dosageamounts of CMAs, water, dispersant, air entraining admixture, airdetraining admixture, or other chemical admixtures required to beadministered to maintain certain concrete properties or performanceparameters (e.g., slump or other rheological value, air content, etc.)during the concrete manufacture and delivery operation.

An exemplary method of the invention for dosing concrete, comprises:monitoring the slump, on an automated basis using a processor unit, of aconcrete slurry while in a rotatable mixer drum during transit from amix plant to a construction site to which the concrete slurry is beingdelivered, the concrete slurry comprising a cement binder, water,aggregate, and clay which, in the absence of a clay mitigation agent,absorbs chemical admixture, and which is present in the concrete slurryin an amount sufficient to diminish the dosage efficiency of a cementdispersant or other chemical admixture added into the concrete slurry;wherein the automated slump monitoring processor unit (i) measures lossof slump (dS) of the concrete slurry in the rotatable mixer drum over aperiod of time (t) during transit to obtain a measured dS/dt value, (ii)compares the measured dS/dt value with a threshold dS/dt value stored ina memory location which is accessed by the processor unit, and (iii)detects when the measured dS/dt value meets or exceeds the storedthreshold dS/dt value; and whereupon the processor unit, once themeasured dS/dt value meets or exceeds the stored dS/dt threshold value,initiates administration of a controlled dosage of clay mitigation agent(CMA) into the concrete within the rotatable mixer drum during transit,the CMA administered being effective to decrease the dS/dt value asmeasured by the automated slump processor unit.

The threshold dS/dt value that is stored in memory and used by theprocessor unit for initiating CMA addition during transit may beselected by the user, such as based on empirical evidence or personalexperience with the estimated amount of CMA needed to treat a certainkind of clay-bearing aggregate as used for a given concrete batch. Forexample, dosage of CMA can be manually determined based on methyleneblue value (MBV) measurement as known in the industry (see e.g., ASTMC1777-14), or using automated MBV measurement on aggregate that isconveyed by belt or other continuous method into a bin or truck (Seee.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,561,488). Clay contents can change drastically andrandomly within a given aggregate source over time. Furthermore,concrete plants often use several sources of aggregates, a practice thattends to undermine any ability to keep track of clay content on atruck-by-truck basis. Because the amount of clay is usually not known,the ability to dose CMA(s) during the batch process accurately isseverely hindered.

Alternatively, the dS/dt value can be calculated and/or adjusted by theautomated slump monitoring system processor unit during transit based onhistorical slump data as monitored by the system. For example, automatedslump monitoring systems, such as available from VERIFI LLC, can beprogrammed to consider any number of variables, such as the nature ofthe clay born by the aggregate material, nature and reactivity of thecement, ambient temperature, concrete temperature, and other factors.

The slump of the concrete slurry may also be monitored and adjusted bytaking into consideration the air content as well as the dispersantand/or air control agent administered into the concrete mix (See e.g.,U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,491,717 and 8,764,273 of Koehler and Roberts (owned byW. R. Grace & Co.-Conn.)).

In further exemplary methods of the invention, the slump monitoringprocessor unit repeats steps (i), (ii) and (iii) whereby clay mitigationagent is administered into the concrete on at least two differentinstances during transit.

In still further exemplary methods, the slump monitoring computerprocessor initiates administering clay mitigation agent (CMA) into theconcrete, whereby at least 21% and up to 100%, more preferably at least51% and up to 100%, and most preferably at least 81% and up to 100%, ofthe total volume of CMA dosed into the concrete slurry is dosed duringtransit rather than at the mix plant where the concrete was batched intothe rotatable mixing drum.

In further exemplary embodiments, the post-batching addition oradditions of CMAs into the concrete slurry during transit may beaccompanied by addition of chemical admixture (e.g., cement dispersant,in particularly a superplasticizer) into the concrete slurry. Such asimultaneous addition mode can be done where the affinity for clay (orrate of adsorption onto the clay) of the CMA is much higher compared tothe chemical admixture. In another exemplary embodiment, thepost-batching CMA additions can be separate from and precede thesubsequent addition of water and/or chemical admixture (e.g., cementdispersant, air control admixture, or a mixture of these) into theconcrete. Where the post-batching separate addition(s) of CMA andchemical admixture or water are repeated, it is preferred to allow themixer drum to rotate sufficiently to allow the CMA dose (or any otherchemical admixture previously dosed) to be completely mixed into theconcrete and absorbed onto the clay particles within the concrete mix(hereinafter referred to as “staggered” addition).

The present invention also provides an automated concrete monitoringsystem for achieving the above described post-batching CMA additionprocess. For example, the above method may be programmed into slumpcontrol systems which are commercially available from Verifi, LLC, asubsidiary of W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn., Cambridge, Mass., USA.

The present inventors contemplate that the above post-batchingaddition(s) of CMAs (in this case during post-batch concrete or mortarmixing) can be applied as well to stationary mixers, such as pan mixersused in the precast or pre-stressed concrete industries, to prolongslump or other performance parameter. Hence, exemplary methods andsystems of the invention comprise having at least one instance ofpost-batching addition of CMAs in a mixer (such as a stationary mixer ina precast concrete plant or pre-stressed concrete plant), whereby atleast 21% and up to 100%, more preferably at least 51% and up to 100%,and most preferably at least 81% and up to 100%, of the total volume ofCMA(s) dosed into the concrete is added to the concrete after initialbatching of water, cement binder, and clay-bearing aggregates to formthe concrete slurry.

Further advantages and benefits of the invention are described infurther detail hereinafter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further advantages and features of the present invention may be morereadily comprehended when the following detailed description ofexemplary embodiments is taken in conjunction with the appendeddrawings, wherein

FIG. 1 is a graphic illustration of slump (inches) over time (minutes)of three concrete mixes, two of which (shown in dotted lines) weretreated by post-batching additions during mixing of CMA(s) and “PC”dispersant according to the teachings of the present invention (themixing period approximating delivery transit time), but one of which(shown in solid line) was treated according to the prior art approachwherein dispersant alone is added during mixing;

FIG. 2 is a graphic illustration of the slump over time of concretemixes dosed upfront (before mixing period which approximates a deliverytransit time) with CMA followed by additions of dispersant alone(illustrated by the two downward sloping curves) compared to slump/timebehavior of concrete dosed according to teaching of the inventionwhereby CMA and dispersant are dosed at staggered points during mixingto maintain relatively constant slump/time behavior;

FIG. 3 is a graphic illustration of two exemplary methods of the presentinvention (Protocols 1 and 3) wherein staggered additions of CMAresulted in relatively lower cumulative dosage amount compared to aprior art method illustrated by uppermost dotted line curve wherein arelatively large CMA dose was administered upfront only and dispersantalone was dosed during mixing; and

FIG. 4 is a graphic illustration of an exemplary method of the inventionwherein CMA addition during mixing of concrete containing a dispersantwas shown to arrest and reverse slump loss.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

The present invention provides automated concrete monitoring method andsystem for mitigating or otherwise avoiding the deleterious effects ofclay on the dosage efficiency of chemical admixtures, such as cementdispersants (also referred to as water-reducers or superplasticizers),air control agents (including air entraining admixtures, air detrainingadmixtures), water, and mixtures thereof, which are administered into aconcrete mix that is being transported from a ready-mix plant (where theconcrete components are batched into the rotatable mixer drum of thedelivery truck) to a construction site at which the concrete mix isdelivered (poured). The clay present in the concrete is born or conveyedby the sand aggregates or other aggregate, such as crushed stone, rock,and/or gravel, used for making the concrete.

The terms “transit” and “transport” are used to refer to the phase ofthe delivery operation after batching of the components to form theconcrete slurry in the ready-mix delivery truck (which has a rotatablemixer drum) and up to the pour event when the concrete batch mix isdischarged from the mixer drum at the construction site to which theconcrete mix is being delivered.

While the method of the invention involving post-batching CMA dosing canalso be practiced using stationary mixers as would be employed in thepre-cast and pre-stressed concrete industries, it is believed that mostsignificant impact of the present invention would be felt in theready-mix concrete industry, because the cumulative shearing energy thatis imposed upon the clay particles contained in the concrete rotating inthe mixing drum during transit is the greater cause for concern withrespect to achieving dosage efficiency of expensive high range waterreducers (HRWR) known as superplasticizers.

The present invention relates to treatment of all types of clays. Theclays may include but are not limited to swelling clays of the 2:1 type(such as smectite type clays) or also of type 1:1 (such as kaolinite) orof the 2:1:1 type (such as chlorite). The term “clays” has referred toaluminum and/or magnesium silicates, including phyllosilicates having alamellar structure; but the term “clay” as used herein may also refer toclays not having such structures, such as amorphous clays.

The present invention is also not limited to clays which absorbpolyoxyalkylene superplasticizers (such as ones containing ethyleneoxide (“EO”) and/or propylene oxide (“PO”) groups), but it also includesclays that directly affect the properties of construction materials,whether in their wet or hardened state. Clays which are commonly foundin sands include, for example, montmorillonite, illite, kaolinite,muscovite, and chlorite. These are also included in the methods andcompositions of the present invention.

Clay-bearing sands and/or crushed rock or gravel which are treated bythe method of the present invention may be used in cementitiousmaterials, whether hydratable or not, and such cementitious materialsinclude mortar, concrete, and asphalt, which may be used in structuralbuilding and construction applications, roadways, foundations, civilengineering applications, as well as in precast and prefabricationapplications.

The term “sand” as used herein shall mean and refer to aggregateparticles usually used for construction materials such as concrete,mortar, and asphalt, and this typically involves granular particles ofaverage size between 0 and 8 mm, preferably between 2 and 6 mm. Sandaggregates may comprise calciferous, siliceous or siliceous limestoneminerals. Such sands may be natural sand (e.g., derived from glacial,alluvial, or marine deposits which are typically weathered such that theparticles have smooth surfaces) or may be of the “manufactured” type,which are made using mechanical crushers or grinding devices.

The term “cement” as used herein includes hydratable cement and Portlandcement which is produced by pulverizing clinker consisting of hydrauliccalcium silicates and one or more forms of calcium sulfate (e.g.,gypsum) as an interground additive. Typically, Portland cement iscombined with one or more supplemental cementitious materials, such asPortland cement, fly ash, granulated blast furnace slag, limestone,natural pozzolans, or mixtures thereof, and provided as a blend. Theterm “cementitious” refers to materials that comprise Portland cement orwhich otherwise function as a binder to hold together fine aggregates(e.g., sand), coarse aggregates (e.g., crushed stone, rock, gravel), ormixtures thereof.

The term “hydratable” is intended to refer to cement or cementitiousmaterials that are hardened by chemical interaction with water. Portlandcement clinker is a partially fused mass primarily composed ofhydratable calcium silicates. The calcium silicates are essentially amixture of tricalcium silicate (3CaO.SiO₂ “C₃S” in cement chemistsnotation) and dicalcium silicate (2CaO.SiO₂, “C₂S”) in which the formeris the dominant form, with lesser amounts of tricalcium aluminate(3CaO.Al₂O₃, “C₃A”) and tetracalcium aluminoferrite (4CaO.Al₂O₃.Fe₂O₃,“C₄AF”). See e.g., Dodson, Vance H., Concrete Admixtures (Van NostrandReinhold, New York N.Y. 1990), page 1.

The term “concrete” will be used herein generally to refer to ahydratable cementitious mixture comprising water, cement, sand, usuallya coarse aggregate such as crushed stone, rock, or gravel, and optionalchemical admixture(s).

It is contemplated that one or more conventional chemical admixtures maybe used in the methods and compositions of the present invention. Theseinclude, without limitation, water reducing agents (such as ligninsulfonate, naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensate (NSFC),melamine sulfonate formaldehyde condensate (MSFC), polycarboxylate combpolymers (containing alkylene oxide groups such as “EO” and/or “PO”groups), gluconate, and the like); set retarders; set accelerators; airentraining agents; air detraining agents (also known as defoamers);surface active agents; and mixtures thereof.

Of the admixtures, the EO-PO type polymers, which have ethylene oxide(“EO”) and/or propylene oxide (“PO”) groups and polycarboxylate groups,are preferred. Cement dispersants contemplated for use in methods andcompositions of the invention include EO-PO polymers and EO-PO combpolymers, as described for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,352,952 B1 and6,670,415 B2 of Jardine et al., which mentioned the polymers taught inU.S. Pat. No. 5,393,343 (assigned to W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn.). Thesepolymers are available from W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn., Massachusetts, USA,under the trade name ADVA®. Another exemplary cement dispersant polymer,also containing EO/PO groups, is obtained by polymerization of maleicanhydride and an ethylenically-polymerizable polyalkylene, as taught inU.S. Pat. No. 4,471,100. In addition, EO/PO-group-containing cementdispersant polymers are taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,661,206 and6,569,234. These are conventionally referred to as polycarboxylate(“PC”) type cement dispersants. The amounts of such PC dispersants usedwithin concrete may be in accordance with conventional use (e.g., 0.05%to 0.25% based on weight of active polymer to weight of cementitiousmaterial).

The term “clay mitigating agents” or CMAs will be used herein generallyto refer to chemicals that (1) have an affinity to clay particles withinan aqueous environment (e.g., the CMA attaches physically and/orchemically to the clay particle); (2) have the ability to mitigate(e.g., inert, diminish, attenuate, avoid) negative effects of clay onthe dosage-efficiency and/or performance of the hydratable cementitiouscomposition; and (3) have minimal or no water-reducing capability withina hydratable cementitious slurry or paste environment on its own (in theabsence of clay which would otherwise absorb water or chemicaldispersant). The present inventors, by employing the concept “minimal orno water-reducing capability,” are defining CMAs in contrast to andcontradistinction with conventional water-reducers, particularlymid-range water reducers (MRWR) and high-range water reducers (HRWR)including so-called superplasticizers (which are usually defined asbeing effective to replace 12% or more of water while achieving the sameslump).

Quantitatively, CMAs can be defined for purposes of the presentinvention as having minimal or no water-reducing capability and to have0-10% and more preferably 0-5% capability to reduce water requirementsof hydratable cementitious compositions such as concrete. In otherwords, CMAs as contemplated in this invention would not fit into thestandard specification for HRWRs as defined in ASTM C494-13 (and wouldbe preferably far below the minimum 12% water reducing capability asconventionally understood in the concrete industry).

While generally described by U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,352,952 and 6,670,415,CMAs contemplated as suitable for use in the present invention mayinclude inorganic cations, organic cations, polar organic moleculescapable of being absorbed by the clay, clay dispersants (such as apolyphosphate), or mixtures thereof. As another example, in U.S. Pat.No. 8,257,490), in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/575,607 (Publ.No. 2008/0060556 A1) and in World Intellectual Property OrganizationApplication (Publ. No. 2010/112784 A1) (owned by Lafarge S.A.), Jacquetet al. disclosed compositions for “inerting” clays in aggregates whichincluded quaternary amine functional groups such as diallyldialkylammonium, quaternized (meth)acrylates of dialkylaminoalkyl and(meth)acrylamides N-substituted by a quaternized dialkylaminoalkyl. Alsoincluded were cationic polymers obtained by polycondensation ofdimethylamine and epichlorohydrin. Still other examples includefunctionalized (poly)amines, such as those described World IntellectualProperty Organization Application (Publ. No. 2009/127893 A1) (owned byS.P.C.M. SA), carboxylate graft polymers with a weight-average molecularweight of 70-250,000 and a molar ratio of carboxylic acid topolyoxyalkylene groups less than 2 (See e.g., US Patent Publ. No.2015/0133584, co-owned by W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. and L'Beste GAT,Ltd.), cationic copolymers made from two or more monomers, such as thosedescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,461,245 (owned by W.R. Grace & Co.-Conn.)and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/076,944 (Publ. No. 2012/0252953A1), a chemical compound formed by a hydrophobic compound with at leastone group reactive with isocynates, a hydrophilic compound with at leastone group reactive with isocynates and a last compound with at least tworeactive isocyanate groups as described in World Intellectual PropertyOrganization Application (Publ. No. 2010/040796 A1) (owned byConstruction Research & Technology GMBH).

Automated slump monitoring systems for monitoring and adjusting concreteslump which are deemed suitable for use in the present invention arecommercially available from Verifi LLC, a subsidiary of W. R. Grace &Co.-Conn., 62 Whittemore Avenue, Cambridge, Mass. USA.

Slump monitoring systems are variously disclosed in the patentliterature authored by Verifi LLC. These include U.S. Pat. No. 8,118,473of Compton et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 8,020,431 of Cooley et al.; U.S. Pat.No. 8,491,717 of Koehler et al.; U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/599,130 of Cooley et al. (Publ. No. US 2007/70185636 A1); U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/834,002 of Sostaric et al. (Publ. No. US2009/0037026 A1); and US Patent Application Serial No. 258,103 ofKoehler et al. (Publ. No. 2012/0016523 A1). The slump monitoring systemsoperate by correlating the energy required to rotate the concrete mix inthe drum (using sensors on the pressure charge and discharge values onthe ready-mix delivery truck as well as drum rotation sensor) andcomparing monitored values with information and/or data stored inmemory. The systems allow for controlled addition of water and/orchemical admixture into the concrete in the rotatable mixer drum.

While the present inventors contemplate that it may be possible toemploy other slump monitoring devices, such as stress/strain probesensors as described in WO 2011/042,880 and US 2012/0204625A1 owned byI.B.B. Rheologie Inc. or US 2011/0077778A1 of Sensocrete, to achievecontrolled post-batching CMA additions during transit (mixing) based onthe teachings disclosed herein, the inventors prefer hydraulic pressuremeasurement.

Exemplary systems of the present invention may be obtained byprogramming automated slump monitoring systems such as commerciallyavailable from Verifi LLC to perform the methods taught herein by thepresent inventors.

An exemplary method of the invention for dosing concrete, comprises:monitoring the slump, on an automated basis using a processor unit, of aconcrete slurry while in a rotatable mixer drum during transit from amix plant to a construction site to which the concrete slurry is beingdelivered, the concrete slurry comprising a cement binder, water,aggregate, and clay which, in the absence of a clay mitigation agent,absorbs chemical admixture, and which is present in the concrete slurryin an amount sufficient to diminish the dosage efficiency of a cementdispersant or other chemical admixture added into the concrete slurry;wherein the automated slump monitoring processor unit (i) measures lossof slump (dS) in the concrete slurry in the rotatable mixer drum over aperiod of time (t) during transit to obtain a measured dS/dt value, (ii)compares the measured dS/dt value with a threshold dS/dt value stored ina memory location which is accessed by the processor unit, and (iii)detects when the measured dS/dt value meets or exceeds the storedthreshold dS/dt value; and whereupon the processor unit, once themeasured dS/dt value meets or exceeds the stored dS/dt threshold value,initiates administration of a controlled dosage of clay mitigation agent(CMA) into the concrete within the rotatable mixer drum during transit,the CMA administered being effective to decrease the dS/dt value asmeasured by the automated slump processor unit.

During longer distances from the batch mix plant to the delivery (pour)site, it could be more preferably for the slump monitoring processorunit to repeat steps (i), (ii) and (iii) whereby clay mitigation agent(CMA) is administered into the concrete on at least two or moredifferent instances staggered during transit (of the concretetransported from mix plant to construction/delivery site).

The term “staggered” as used herein means and refers to at least twoadditions of CMA separated by time. Depending on the nature of the mixcomponents or chemicals, the time between additions could require one orseveral complete drum rotations before complete mixing of the CMA isachieved before the concrete can be effectively monitored andsubsequently dosed.

While it is contemplated that a portion of the CMA (along with any otherchemical admixture and water) can be administered into the batch mixthat is introduced into the rotatable mixer drum of the concrete truckat the mix plant, the present inventors prefer to add at least themajority, if not most or all, of the CMA into the concrete load duringtransit (during the period that delivery truck leaves the mix plant andheads for the construction site to which the concrete is beingdelivered).

Thus, in exemplary embodiments of the invention, the slump monitoringcomputer processor initiates administering clay mitigation agent (CMA)into the concrete, whereby at least 21% and up to 100%, more preferablyat least 51% and up to 100%, and most preferably at least 81% and up to100%, of the total volume of CMAs dosed into the concrete slurry isdosed during transit rather than at the mix plant where the concrete wasbatched into the rotatable mixing drum (e.g., as one or more“post-batching” addition(s)).

In other exemplary embodiments, a portion of the cumulative total amountof CMA added into a given concrete load contained in the mixer drum isadded at the mix plant, the portion being added at the batch plantpreferably comprising no greater than 79%, more preferably no greaterthan 49%, and most preferably no greater than 19% (or even none) of thecumulative total amount of CMA administered into the particular batchedconcrete mix being delivered.

As will be shown in the Examples that follow, it was unexpected andsurprising for the present inventors to discover that the totalcumulative amount of CMA administered into a given batched concrete mixcould be reduced through post-batching dosages administered at staggeredintervals during (transit).

In other embodiments of the invention, the present inventors prefer totake the hydration state of the concrete into account, so that thesystem can more accurately monitor for loss in slump (dS) over time (t)due to clay effect. One way of tracking the concrete hydration state isto measure the temperature of the concrete mix within the rotatablemixer drum, as the hydration behavior of the concrete is reflected inits exothermic behavior, and to adjust the threshold dS/dt that isstored in a processor accessible memory location. Thus, in furtherexemplary methods and systems of the invention, the concrete dosingmethod further comprises measuring temperature of the concrete slurryduring transit and obtaining temperature data, and adjusting the storedthreshold dS/dt value based on the obtained temperature data.

Further exemplary methods and systems of the invention further comprisemeasuring air content of the concrete slurry during transit andobtaining air content data, and adjusting the stored threshold dS/dtvalue based on the obtained air content data. For example, the entrainedair content of concrete slurries may be measured using sonar-based airmeasurement products commercially available from CiDRA, Wallingford,Conn., under the AIRtrac™ product name.

The term “slump” is used herein refers to measurement of the verticaldrop of concrete in inches using a standard 12-inch slump cone, as knownin the concrete art, but it would be evident to the average concreteartisan that this term could refer to other rheological parameters ofthe concrete, such that this term could refer to “slump flow” referringto horizontal spread of highly fluid concrete released on a steel plantwhen released from an inverted cone. See e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,818,561of Koehler et al., owned by VERIFI LLC, a subsidiary of W. R. Grace &Co.-Conn.

The rotatable concrete mixer drums employed in the automated monitoringmethods and systems of the invention should preferably have an innerwall upon which are spirally-mounted at least two mixing blades foragitating the concrete slurry during rotation of the mixer drum, andthereby effective for mixing water and/or chemical admixtures into theconcrete load. The post-batching CMA additions taught by the presentinvention may be administered simultaneously with at least one otherchemical admixture (e.g., cement dispersant, preferably with asuperplasticizing admixture such as a polycarboxylate type), and suchsimultaneous administrations of the chemicals should be spaced apart intime corresponding to a duration which is at least the time it takes forthe mixer drum to mix completely the chemicals uniformly throughout theconcrete being mixed.

While it is perhaps most convenient to administer the CMA and anotherchemical admixture such as a cement dispersant simultaneously throughpost-batching additions, it is possible, where separate tanks anddispensing system are used, to inject CMA separately from other theother chemical admixture(s). Thus, in another exemplary embodiment ofthe invention, after one or more post-batching CMA additions into theconcrete slurry, the automated slump monitoring processor unit initiatesone or more controlled additions of water, at least one chemicaladmixture, or a mixture thereof into the concrete slurry.

In further exemplary embodiments, the concrete dosing method and systememploy the automated slump monitoring processor unit to initiateseparate additions of a controlled amount of at least one other chemicaladmixture (in addition to the CMA) into the concrete slurry, the atleast one chemical admixture being selected from the group consisting ofcement dispersant (most preferably a superplasticizer), an airentraining admixture, an air detraining admixture, or a mixture thereof.

In exemplary methods and systems of the invention, the CMA used forpost-batching dosing during transit of the concrete slurry is preferablyselected from the group consisting of quaternary amines andpolyquaternary amines and derivatives thereof; polycondensates ofdimethylamine and epichlorohydrin; carboxylate graft polymers;functionalized (poly)amines, or a mixture thereof. Examples of suitableCMA chemistries include the quaternary amine compounds described in U.S.Pat. Nos. 6,352,952 and 6,670,415 (owned by W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn.),and in U.S. Pat. No. 8,257,490, Ser. No. 11/575,612 (Publ. No.2007/0287794 A1), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/575,607 (Publ. No.2008/0060556 A1) and World Intellectual Property OrganizationApplication (Publ. No. WO2010/112784 A1) (owned by Lafarge S.A.).Suitable CMAs based on polycondensates of dimethylamine andepichlorohydrin and functionalized (poly)amines are described inWO2009/127893 A1 (owned by SNF SAS and SPCM SA). Other suitable CMAchemistry includes carboxylate graft polymers as described in U.S. Pat.No. 8,461,245 (owned by W.R. Grace & Co.-Conn.) and U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/076,944 (Publ. No. 2012/0252953 A1). Anothersuitable CMA is a carboxylate graft polymer as described in U.S. PatentPubl. No. US 2015/0133584 (co-owned by W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. andL'Beste GAT LTD.). Another CMA is a functionalized polyamine formed byreacting amine compound with an epoxy compound as described by Kuo etal. in US 2015/0065614 (co-owned by W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn.). Anothersuitable CMA is formed by a hydrophobic compound with at least one groupreactive with isocynates as described in WO 2010/040796 A1 (owned byConstruction Research & Technology GMBH).

In further concrete dosing methods and systems of the invention, theslump values over time (e.g., the transit history) of the concreteslurry (i) before and after at least two additions of CMAs into theconcrete slurry; (ii) before and after at least two additions of atleast one chemical admixture into the concrete slurry, and (iii) thetransit histories of both (i) and (ii), may be stored into memorylocations which are accessible by the processor unit. The transithistories of both (i) and (ii), for example, may be graphicallyillustrated on the screen or monitor of a laptop or palm device such asa smart phone, in the manner illustrated in FIGS. 1-3. Behavior of theconcrete after addition of a CMA can be viewed as shown in FIG. 4.

In further exemplary monitoring methods and systems of the invention,the processor unit which monitors the concrete may be programmed toincorporate various other additional processes to ensure accuratereadings of the slump over time so that subtle gradations in the changeof slump over time can be detected and acted upon.

For example, process steps for checking hydration factors, such astemperature, which affect the concrete slump may be taken intoconsideration to increase accuracy of detecting for loss in concreteslump over time (dS/dt value).

As another example, process steps for monitoring air content of theconcrete slurry also can be taken into consideration, as a decrease inslump may correspond with a decrease in the air content in the concrete,although general practice in the concrete industry suggests that findinga reliable correspondence between slump and air content is not alwaysthe case. However, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,491,717 and 8,764,273 (owned byW. R. Grace & Co.-Conn.), Koehler and Roberts disclosed a system forsimultaneously tracking dosing of both rheology-modifying admixtures(e.g., polycarboxylate polymer cement dispersant) and air control agents(e.g., air entraining agents). Hence, further exemplary processes andsystems of the present invention comprise monitoring of both dispersantand air control agent dosing in connection with administering CMA intothe concrete load.

An exemplary procedure for taking into consideration temperature, aircontent factors, or both, when monitoring a concrete slurry load andadministering CMA into the concrete is described in the following steps.The system is programmed to measure the slump of the concrete load,compare this to a “target” slump that has been inputted by the user intothe automated slump monitoring system, and the difference between themeasured slump and “target” slump is compared so that the system canautomatically begin a succession of process steps depending upon whetherthe difference exceeds a “slump tolerance” value that is predeterminedby the user or programmer of the system, the later succession of stepsbeing triggered when the rate of slump loss exceeds a predeterminedthreshold:

-   -   a. Measure slump of the concrete slurry.    -   b. If Target slump−Measured slump>Slump tolerance (e.g. 0.5″),        continue to Step (c), otherwise return to Step (a).    -   c. Measure slump loss rate.    -   d. If Slump loss rate−Target slump loss rate>Slump loss rate        tolerance (e.g., 1″/hr threshold), continue to Step (e),        otherwise, skip to Step (n).    -   e. Measure concrete temperature and rate of change of        temperature.    -   f. If the temperature and rate of change do not indicate slump        loss caused by hydration, continue to step (g).    -   g. Measure concrete air and rate of change of air.    -   h. If the air and rate of change do not indicate slump loss        caused by air, continue to step (i).    -   i. If CMA dose count in current step exceeds maximum allowed        (e.g. 3 times), skip to Step (n), otherwise continue to step        (j).    -   j. Add CMA dose (e.g. based on clay content measured by MBV or        based on adjustment of previous dose). Increase CMA dose count        by one.    -   k. Wait X number of drum revolutions, based on time required to        mix CMA completely into concrete.    -   l. Measure slump loss rate.    -   m. If slump loss rate does not decrease, increase CMA dose to be        administered and return to step (j).    -   n. Add high range water reducer to bring slump within slump        target and continue to step (o).    -   o. Wait Y number of revolutions, based on time required to mix        dispersant into truck load of concrete and return to Step (a).

In a still further embodiment of the invention, the automated slumpsystem is programmed to monitor for slump gain in the concrete slurryafter a polycarboxylate high range water reducing admixture has beenadministered into the concrete slurry contained in the mixer drum, suchthat when the processor unit detects that the monitored slump does notincrease as would otherwise be expected for the amount of HRWRadministered, the processor unit can be programmed to adjust thethreshold value (dS/dt) or to adjust (e.g., to increase) the amount ofCMA to be administered into the mixer drum, or both. Thus, a furtherexemplary process of the present invention further comprises: adding apolycarboxylate high range water reducing (HRWR) admixture into theconcrete slurry during transit; monitoring for an increase in the slumpof the concrete slurry (dS) over a period of time immediately followingaddition of the polycarboxylate high range water reducing admixture toobtain a dS value for the period after said addition of the HRWR; andcomparing the obtained dS value with a second threshold dS value storedin a memory location which is accessed by the processor unit; detectingwhen the obtained dS value fails to meet or exceed the stored secondthreshold dS value stored in the memory location; and, upon detectionthat the second threshold dS value is not met, adjusting the storedthreshold dS/dt value described in (ii) of claim 1, adjusting thecontrolled dosage of clay mitigation agent (CMA) to be administered intothe concrete slurry, or both.

An automated slump monitoring system can be programmed in the mannerdescribed above to adjust the CMA detection threshold and/or the amountof CMA dosage to be administered into the mixer drum, so as to preventthe further adsorption to clay of the PC dispersant. Preferably, anindication or alarm would be initiated by the automated slump monitoringprocessor to the operator, a central control office (for the concretemixer truck or slump monitoring system), to alert someone to the factthat the given concrete batch load had required this correction.

While the invention is described herein using a limited number ofembodiments, these specific embodiments are not intended to limit thescope of the invention as otherwise described and claimed herein.Modification and variations from the described embodiments exist. Morespecifically, the following examples are given as a specificillustration of embodiments of the claimed invention. It should beunderstood that the invention is not limited to the specific details setforth in the examples.

All parts and percentages in the examples, as may be set forth hereinand hereinafter, are by percentage dry weight unless otherwisespecified.

Example 1

In this example, a high-range water reducing concrete mix design wasused containing 371 kg/m³ of cement, 860 kg/m³ of sand, 1009 kg/m³ ofstone, 0.2% solids/sand of a sodium montmorillonite clay, 178 kg/m³ ofwater, 0.14% solids/cement of a high range water reducer (HRWR), and 8%solids/clay of a clay mitigating agent (CMA). The HRWR is commerciallyavailable from Grace Construction Products, Cambridge Mass., USA, underthe ADVACAST® 575 trademark.

The mixing protocol was performed in a laboratory-scale pan mixer using0.0396 m³ of concrete. First, stone, sand and water was mixed for 1minute at a high speed; then cement was added and mixed for 1 minute athigh speed; then the HRWR+CMA was added and mixed for 2 minutes at highspeed. After the initial mixing cycle, the concrete was tested for theslump. After testing, the concrete was mixed for an additional 5 minutesat high speed and an addition of chemical was made. The concrete wasmixed for another 2 minutes at high speed and tested for slump. Thisprocess was repeated two more times for a total of four chemicaladditions and corresponding slump measurements.

In the first example, the amount of each addition of chemical for thefirst case was 0.026% solids/cement of HRWR only with 50 grams of rinsewater. In the second and third cases, the amount of each addition wasthe same amount of HRWR but with an additional 1.5% solids/clay amountof CMA. Two different CMAs were used for the second and third cases. Thefirst CMA was a carboxylate graft polymer with a weight-averagemolecular weight of 70-250,000 and a molar ratio of carboxylic acid topolyoxyalkylene groups less than 2 (See e.g., US Patent Publ. No.2015/0133584 (co-owned by W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. and L′Beste GAT,Ltd.); while the second CMA was functionalized (poly)amine, such asthose described World Intellectual Property Organization Application(Publ. No. WO 2009/127893 A1) (owned by S.P.C.M. SA).

The results are plotted as slump (inches) versus time (minutes) andshown in FIG. 1.

The time of the additions of chemicals was at 14 minutes, 24 minutes and34 minutes. As shown in FIG. 1, supplementing each PC addition witheither CMA after initial mixing surprisingly improves the slump and thusthe efficiency of the HRWR. Without being tied to theory, the presentinventors believe that this suggests that during the concrete mixingprocess, more clay surfaces are formed due to the high shearing forcesoccurring within the agitated concrete slurry, especially as it isbelieved that CMA 1 and CMA 2 do not have cement dispersing capabilitieson their own. Furthermore, both types of CMA chemistries demonstrate thesimilar behavior, further pointing to a clay phenomena; not one that ischemistry specific.

Example 2

In this example, the same mix design and mixing protocol was used.However the initial CMA used was different depending on the case. Case1—0.13% solids/cement of HRWR and 8% solids/clay of CMA 2 upfront,0.026% solids/cement of HRWR during subsequent additions (No CMAw/additions during mixing). Case 2—0.13% solids/cement of HRWR and 8%solids/clay of CMA 2 upfront, 0.026% solids/cement of HRWR and 1.5%solids/clay of CMA 2 during subsequent additions. Case 3—0.13%solids/cement of HRWR and 12.5% solids/clay of CMA 2 upfront, 0.026%solids/cement of HRWR during subsequent additions (No CMA w/additionsduring mixing). Case 3 represents the total amount of CMA 2 added inCase 2, but added upfront and not with additions during mixing.

The results are plotted as slump (inches) versus time (minutes) andshown in FIG. 2.

The time of the additions of chemicals was at 14 minutes, 24 minutes and34 minutes, respectively. As seen previously, the addition of CMA afterinitial mixing surprisingly improves the slump and thus the efficiencyof the HRWR. Additionally, it is preferred that the CMA addition be madeafter initial batching (and thus not as an upfront addition) (comparingCases 2 and 3).

Example 3

In this example, the same mix design was used but with a differentmixing protocol. An alternative to dosing chemical every ten minutes,the torque required to rotate the laboratory mixer was monitored overtime. As the slump decreases, more torque is required. Dosages wereadministered if the torque level exceeded a given limit corresponding toa given slump. Therefore, slump is maintained after a certain time, withthe dosage being variable for different methods.

Three different dosing protocols were compared. For all three protocols,a HRWR dose of 0.12% solids/cement was used upfront. The first protocolinvolved an upfront dose of CMA 1 of 10% solids/clay. Subsequent doseswere kept constant, but delivered at different times depending on whenthe torque level exceeded 53% (% of rated torque of the motor). Theseadditions consisted of a HRWR dose of 0.01% solids/cement and a CMA 1dose of 0.8% solids/clay. The second protocol involved an upfront doseof CMA 1 of 16% solids/clay. This corresponded to the total amount ofCMA 1 used in the first protocol. Subsequent doses involved only a HRWRdose of 0.01% solids/cement (no CMA w/additions during mixing). The lastprotocol involved no upfront dose of CMA 1. In subsequent additions, aHRWR dose of 0.01% solids/cement and a CMA 1 dose of 0.8% solids/claywas used, similar to the first protocol.

The cumulative dosage amounts (converted to solids/cement) of thechemical admixture as introduced into the concrete over time are plottedand shown in FIG. 3.

At the end of the 54 minutes, the slump was measured. All threeprotocols had the same slump. As can be seen, while all three protocolsmaintain the same end slump, the last protocol, where all of the CMA isadded during only the mixing period gives the most efficient use of thetotal amount of the chemical added. In this case, there is an 11%reduction in terms of total chemical added using staggered additionprotocol of the present invention when compared to the prior art methodof adding CMA upfront only (i.e., not during the transport of theconcrete).

Example 4

As a final example, a field test was performed with a 7.65 cubic meterready-mix concrete truck equipped with the Verifi® slump monitoringsystem which is commercially sourced by Verifi LLC (a division of GraceConstruction Products, 62 Whittemore Avenue, Cambridge, Mass. USA).

The point of the test was to demonstrate that adding the CMA afterbatching can influence the rate of slump loss. A high-range waterreducing concrete mix design was used containing 357 kg/m³ of cement, 89kg/m³ of fly ash, 1053 kg/m³ of sand, 696 kg/m³ of stone, 153 kg/m³ ofwater and 0.15% solids/cement of a cement dispersant in the form of ahigh range water reducer (HRWR). The sand was tested according to ASTMC1777, which determines Na-montmorillonite equivalent clay content basedon absorption of methylene blue. The sand contained approximately a 1.0%Na-montmorillonite equivalent clay content. No clay mitigating agent wasdosed upfront during the batching process.

The truck was batched with a majority of the water followed by stone andthe sand, followed by the cement and fly ash and finally the HRWR withthe remaining water. After batching, the drum speed was set to 3 rpm.Through the VERIFI® monitoring system, both the normalized pressure(which is the difference between the hydraulic charge pressure andhydraulic discharge pressure) and the drum speed were monitored.

As shown in FIG. 4, after approximately 25 minutes after batching theconcrete (UTC time=19:38), the normalized hydraulic pressure required torotate the concrete mix began to rise, signifying an increase in slumploss. At UTC time=19:41, 1.89 liters of CMA 1 was added to the drum.This would be approximately 1.3% solids/clay (initial clay content). Asa result, the rate of pressure increase (i.e. slump loss) was decreasedand the pressure actual began to decrease. The CMA 1 was able toinfluence the slump loss rate. According to the method invented, atUTC=19:45, a cement dispersant (e.g., the HRWR) was added to bring theslump to the proper target. The system is programmed to monitor theconcrete slump and detect when a desired slump target is not met.

It is clear from FIG. 4 that adding a CMA during mixing can slow downand even reverse slump loss.

The foregoing examples and embodiments were presented for illustrativepurposes only and not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

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 21. A dosing method for treating concrete batched at aconcrete batch plant, comprising: administering a clay mitigation agent(CMA) on at least two instances in a truck-mounted mixer drum, whereinat least 21%-100% of the total CMA added into the concrete is addedafter initial batching of water, cement binder, and clay-bearingaggregates to form the concrete slurry in the mixer drum.
 22. (canceled)23. The dosing method of claim 21 wherein administering the claymitigation agent (CMA) is directed by a processor unit which monitorsslump of the concrete while in the rotatable mixer drum during transitfrom a mix plant at which the concrete was batched to a constructionsite to which the concrete is being delivered, the concrete comprising acement binder, water, aggregate, and clay which, in the absence of aclay mitigation agent, absorbs chemical admixture, and which clay ispresent in the concrete slurry in an amount sufficient to diminish thedosage efficiency of a cement dispersant or other chemical admixtureadded into the concrete slurry; wherein the processor unit (i) measuresloss of slump (dS) of the concrete slurry in the rotatable mixer drumover a period of time (t) during transit to obtain a measured dS/dtvalue, (ii) compares the measured dS/dt value with a threshold dS/dtvalue stored in a memory location which is accessed by the processorunit, and (iii) detects when the measured dS/dt value meets or exceedsthe stored threshold dS/dt value; and whereupon the processor unit, oncethe measured dS/dt value meets or exceeds the stored dS/dt thresholdvalue, initiates administration of a controlled dosage of the CMA intothe concrete within the rotatable mixer drum during transit, the CMAadministered being effective to decrease the dS/dt value as measured bythe processor unit.
 24. The dosing method of claim 21 wherein theprocessor unit initiates repeating-of-steps (i), (ii) and (iii) wherebya controlled dosage of the clay mitigation agent (CMA) is administeredinto the concrete on said at least two staggered instances duringtransit.
 25. The dosing method of claim 21 wherein the processor unitinitiates administering the controlled dosage of the clay mitigationagent (CMA) into the concrete, whereby at least 51% and up to 100% ofthe controlled dosage of the total volume of CMA dosed into the concreteslurry is dosed during transit rather than at the mix plant where theconcrete was batched into the rotatable mixing drum; the processor unitfurther initiating administering a controlled dosage of an admixtureother than a CMA into the concrete slurry is dosed during transit. 26.The dosing method of claim 21 wherein the processor unit initiatesadministering the controlled dosage of the clay mitigation agent (CMA)into the concrete, whereby at least 81% and up to 100% of the controlleddosage of the total volume of CMA dosed into the concrete slurry isdosed during transit rather than at the mix plant where the concrete wasbatched into the rotatable mixing drum; the processor unit furtherinitiating administering a controlled dosage of an admixture other thana CMA into the concrete slurry is dosed during transit.
 27. The dosingmethod of claim 25 wherein the admixture other than a CMA is a cementdispersant selected from a mid-range water reducer or high-range waterreducer.
 28. The dosing method of claim 26 wherein the admixture otherthan a CMA is a cement dispersant selected from a mid-range waterreducer or high-range water reducer.
 29. The dosing method of claim 25wherein the processor unit initiates measuring temperature of theconcrete slurry during transit and obtaining temperature data, andadjusting the stored threshold dS/dt value based on the obtainedtemperature data.
 30. The dosing method of claim 26 wherein theprocessor unit initiates measuring temperature of the concrete slurryduring transit and obtaining temperature data, and adjusting the storedthreshold dS/dt value based on the obtained temperature data.
 31. Thedosing method of claim 25 wherein the processor unit initiatesmonitoring of air content of the concrete slurry during transit andobtaining air content data, and initiates adjustment of the storedthreshold dS/dt value based on the obtained air content data.
 32. Thedosing method of claim 26 wherein the processor unit initiatesmonitoring of air content of the concrete slurry during transit andobtaining air content data, and initiates adjustment of the storedthreshold dS/dt value based on the obtained air content data.
 33. Thedosing method of claim 25 wherein the at least one chemical admixturebeing selected from the group consisting of cement dispersant, airentraining admixture, air detraining admixture, and a mixture thereof.34. The dosing method of claim 26 wherein the at least one chemicaladmixture being selected from the group consisting of cement dispersant,air entraining admixture, air detraining admixture, and a mixturethereof.
 35. The dosing method of claim 25 further comprising storinginto processor unit-accessible memory the transit history of theconcrete slurry (i) before and after the at least two additions of CMAinto the concrete slurry; (ii) before and after the at least twoadditions of the at least one chemical admixture into the concreteslurry, and (iii) the transit histories of both (i) and (ii).
 36. Thedosing method of claim 26 further comprising storing into processorunit-accessible memory the transit history of the concrete slurry (i)before and after the at least two additions of CMA into the concreteslurry; (ii) before and after the at least two additions of the at leastone chemical admixture into the concrete slurry, and (iii) the transithistories of both (i) and (ii).
 37. The dosing method of claim 25wherein the CMA is selected from the group consisting of a quaternaryamine, polyquaternary amine, polycondensate of dimethylamine andepichorohydrin, functionalized amine, carboxylate graft polymers,cationic copolymers, and mixtures and derivatives thereof; and furtherwherein the CMA has minimal or no water-reducing capability by itself inthe absence of clay when administered alone into a fresh concrete, inaccordance with standard specification for water reducers in ASTMC494-13.
 38. The dosing method of claim 26 wherein the CMA is selectedfrom the group consisting of a quaternary amine, polyquaternary amine,polycondensate of dimethylamine and epichorohydrin, functionalizedamine, carboxylate graft polymers, cationic copolymers, and mixtures andderivatives thereof; and further wherein the CMA has minimal or nowater-reducing capability by itself in the absence of clay whenadministered alone into a fresh concrete, in accordance with standardspecification for water reducers in ASTM C494-13.
 39. The dosing methodof claim 25 further comprising: adding a polycarboxylate high rangewater reducing (HRWR) admixture into the concrete during transit;monitoring for an increase in the slump of the concrete (dS) over aperiod of time immediately following addition of the polycarboxylatehigh range water reducing admixture to obtain a dS value for the periodafter said addition of the HRWR; and comparing the obtained dS valuewith a second threshold dS value stored in a memory location which isaccessed by the processor unit; detecting when the obtained dS valuefails to meet or exceed the stored second threshold dS value stored inthe memory location; and, upon detection that the second threshold dSvalue is not met, adjusting the stored threshold dS/dt value describedin (ii) of claim 1, adjusting the controlled dosage of the CMA to beadministered into the concrete slurry, or both.
 40. The dosing method ofclaim 26 further comprising: adding a polycarboxylate high range waterreducing (HRWR) admixture into the concrete during transit; monitoringfor an increase in the slump of the concrete (dS) over a period of timeimmediately following addition of the polycarboxylate high range waterreducing admixture to obtain a dS value for the period after saidaddition of the HRWR; and comparing the obtained dS value with a secondthreshold dS value stored in a memory location which is accessed by theprocessor unit; detecting when the obtained dS value fails to meet orexceed the stored second threshold dS value stored in the memorylocation; and, upon detection that the second threshold dS value is notmet, adjusting the stored threshold dS/dt value described in (ii) ofclaim 1, adjusting the controlled dosage of the CMA to be administeredinto the concrete slurry, or both.